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When Jolanda Woods was growing upward in Northward St. Louis, in the 1970s and early '80s, she and her friends would accept the passenger vehicle to the stores downtown, on 14th Street, or on Cherokee Street, on the Southward Side, or out to the River Roads Mall, in the inner suburb of Jennings. "This was a very merchant city," Woods, who is 54, told me. There were enough of places to shop in her neighborhood, too, even as N St. Louis, a by and large Black and working-class function of town, barbarous into economical decline. There was Perlmutter's department store, where women bought pantyhose in bulk, Payless shoes, True Value hardware and Schnucks grocery store.

Most all these stores have disappeared. As St. Louis' population has dropped from 850,000, in the 1950s, to a fiddling more 300,000, owing to suburban flight and deindustrialization, its downtown has withered. The River Roads Mall closed in 1995. North St. Louis is a devastated expanse of vacant lots and crumbling late-19th-century brick buildings, their disrepair all the more dramatic for the opulence of their design. "This neighborhood has gone down," Woods said. "Oh, my God, these houses."

A new form of retail has moved into the void. The disbelieve chains Family unit Dollar and Dollar General at present accept well-nigh xl stores in St. Louis and its immediate suburbs, most 15 of them in North St. Louis. This is where the people who remain in the neighborhood can buy detergent and toys and pet food and underwear and motor oil and flashlights and strollers and mops and bleed cleaner and glassware and wind chimes and rakes and shoes and balloons and bath towels and condoms and winter coats.

The stores have some nonperishable and frozen foods, besides, for people who can't travel to the few disbelieve grocery stores left in the area. Rudimentary provisions similar these immune the stores to remain open equally "essential" businesses during the coronavirus shutdowns. "These stores are our picayune Walmarts, our little Targets," Darryl Grey, a local minister and civil rights activist, told me. "It's the stuff you won't get at a grocery store, that you lot get at a Walmart — but we don't accept one."

Three years ago, Forest' husband, Robert, who was 42, began working at a Dollar General on Grand Boulevard, across from an abandoned grocery store. He and Jolanda had separated, merely they stayed in bear upon over the years as Robert overcame a crack-­cocaine addiction, got a task at the Salvation Regular army, was ordained as a government minister and became an informal counselor to other men battling addiction. Dollar General paid a bit more than than the Salvation Army, but he expressed anxiety near security problems at the store. Shoplifting was mutual, and occasionally there were even armed robberies. The store lacked a security baby-sit, and it typically had merely a couple of clerks on hand.

On Nov. one, 2018, Woods went to work on his day off, to fill in for an absent co-worker. Footage from a security camera shows a human being inbound the store just after 1 p.1000., wearing a bluish sweatshirt with the hood pulled up over a red cap, and holding a silver gun.

He fired downward the center aisle, hitting Wood in the back of the caput. So he pointed the gun at the cash register, before seeming to panic. He ran out of the store empty-handed. An ambulance arrived, but Wood was no longer breathing. After his trunk was removed, Dollar Full general remained open for several hours, earlier closing amid protests from local residents.

Forest' murder was one of three homicides in six months at the two discount chains in the St. Louis surface area. On June 13, a man and a woman started arguing in a car in the parking lot of a Family Dollar on West Florissant Avenue, merely outside the city line; he shot her once in the head, killing her. Less than a month after Wood' death, a 65-twelvemonth-erstwhile woman was shopping at the Family unit Dollar on St. Charles Stone Route when a seemingly mentally ill 34-yr-old woman grabbed steak knives from a shelf in the shop and stabbed her to death.

The Gun Violence Annal, a website that uses local news reports and constabulary enforcement sources to tally crimes involving firearms, lists more than 200 fierce incidents involving guns at Family unit Dollar or Dollar General stores since the kickoff of 2017, nearly l of which resulted in deaths. The incidents include carjackings in the parking lot, drug deals gone bad and altercations inside stores. Only a large number involve armed robberies in which workers or customers accept been shot. Since the showtime of 2017, employees have been wounded in shootings or pistol-whippings in at least 31 robberies; in at least seven other incidents, employees have been killed. The violence has not let upward in contempo months, when requirements for customers to wear masks take fabricated information technology harder for clerks to notice shoppers who are bent on robbery. In early May, a worker at a Family Dollar in Flint, Michigan, was fatally shot after refusing entry to a customer without a mask.

The number of incidents can be explained in part by the stores' ubiquity: There are now more than sixteen,000 Dollar Generals and nearly 8,000 Family Dollars in the United states, a 50% increase in the by decade. (Past comparing, Walmart has nigh 4,700 stores in the U.Southward.) The stores are often in loftier-law-breaking neighborhoods, where there simply aren't many other businesses for criminals to target. Routine gun violence has fallen sharply in prosperous cities effectually the country, but information technology has remained stubbornly high in many of the cities and towns where these stores predominate. The glowing signs of the discount chains take get indicators of neglect, markers of a geography of the places that the country has written off.

Vacant lots surround a Family Dollar in N St. Louis. (Andres Gonzalez for The New Yorker)

Just these factors are not sufficient to explain the trend. The chains' owners have done footling to maintain order in the stores, which tend to exist thinly staffed and exist in a state of physical disarray. In the 1970s, criminologists such as Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson argued that rising crime could be partly explained by changes in the social surround that lowered the adventure of getting caught. That theory gained increasing acceptance in the decades that followed. "The likelihood of a criminal offense occurring depends on three elements: a motivated offender, a vulnerable victim, and the absence of a capable guardian," the sociologist Patrick Sharkey wrote, in "Uneasy Peace," from 2018.

Another way of putting this is that crime is not inevitable. Robberies and killings that have taken identify at dollar store chains would not accept necessarily happened elsewhere. "The thought that crime is sort of a whack-a-mole game, that if y'all just press here it'll move over hither," is incorrect, Richard Rosenfeld, a criminologist at the University of Missouri-St. Louis, told me. Making information technology harder to commit a crime doesn't just push crime elsewhere; it reduces it. "Crime is opportunistic," he said. "If at that place's no opportunity, there'due south no law-breaking."


James Luther Turner left school in 1902, when he was 11. His father had died in a wrestling accident, and Turner had to run his family unit'southward subcontract, in Macon County, Tennessee. He was successful and entrepreneurial, and when he was 24 other farmers asked him to manage the local co-op; he started a bridle shop behind the store. Eventually, he took a job working for a Nashville dry out goods wholesaler, hawking samples across southern Kentucky and middle Tennessee. In 1929, at the onset of the Depression, he opened a store in Scottsville, a minor town in Kentucky. He bought upward failed retailers' stock, which he either liquidated, sold to other store owners or took back to his own shop, Turner'due south Bargain Store. "He too knew that where there was failure, there was opportunity," his grandson Cal Turner Jr. wrote in a memoir, chosen "My Begetter's Business," published in 2018.

In 1939, James Luther Turner'due south just child, Hurley Calister Turner, known as Cal Sr., bought a building in Scottsville to serve every bit the warehouse for a new wholesale business organisation, J. L. Turner and Son. Soon, he was buying so much discount trade that he had trouble finding stores to take information technology, so he and his ­father started a chain of stores in partnership with local managers. At first, Cal Sr. later said, the plan was "selling the good stuff to the rich folks, just we were late getting into retailing." He ended, "We had to sell the cheap stuff to the poor folks." Cal Sr. had high standards: He called all his store managers on Saturday nights and made frequent rounds in person. "He wanted a store to exist make clean and well displayed," Cal Jr. wrote. He started working for the company when he was virtually thirteen, sweeping the warehouse for 25 cents an hour.

By 1955, the Turners had three dozen stores across Kentucky and Tennessee. Cal Sr. noticed that crowds of shoppers came to department stores in larger cities when they held "dollar days," selling off excess merchandise cheaply. On June i of that year, the visitor converted a store in Springfield, Kentucky, into one called Dollar General. The store was a sensation, as was a second one, in Memphis, which in x months did more than a one thousand thousand dollars in sales. Soon, all J. L. Turner and Son stores were renamed Dollar General, with a new slogan above the window: "Every Solar day Is Dollar Mean solar day." Signs exterior read "Nothing Over $1."

At first, the Turners didn't have to radically change their business model. They bought inventory, including irregular items and closeouts, very cheap and sold information technology for a little more. When a friend's textile visitor had an excess of pinkish corduroy, Cal Sr. had the friend brand men's pants, which he sold for a dollar a pair. He bought a truckload of moisture socks in Nashville and had workers sort and hang them around the Scottsville warehouse. When bell-bottoms went out of fashion, he turned them into cutoff shorts. One time, at the cease of the Christmas season, he bought 35,000 fruitcakes; he sold them all a year later.

Cal Sr. sought out cheap real manor. "Nosotros don't have to have great locations," he said. "With our merchandise and our prices, nosotros just need some kind of building around united states." And he paid poorly: Wages were to be kept at a maximum of five% of a shop'southward gross sales, which, Cal Jr. best-selling, "placed u.s. at the bottom of a low-paying in­dustry." A shop typically had simply 2 employees — and, if business was slow, it got by with merely ane at a time. When a bookkeeper invited two colleagues to luncheon with a union organizer, Cal Sr. had her fired. After the Teamsters tried to organize the company's truck ­drivers, the visitor outsourced its transportation to a contractor and hired a slew of armed guards to escort the new drivers past picketers.

Sales nearly doubled between 1963 and 1968, and the Turners took the chain public. By 1972, they had 500 stores, and, a few years later, effectually the time that Cal Sr. passed the reins to Cal Jr., they started buying up other chains, also in small towns, extending the company far from its upland-South base of operations. A competing concatenation, Family unit Dollar, started by Leon Levine in Charlotte in 1959, focused mostly on low-income urban areas. By 1974, Levine had 200 stores; he took his visitor public five years afterwards.

Equally the ii chains have grown, expanding to offer many goods for more than a dollar, the urban-rural distinction between them has diminished. Today, it is not uncommon to find both stores on the same small-boondocks chief street or a few blocks apart in a distressed urban neighborhood. (Dollar Tree, which bought Family Dollar in 2015 and has maintained both brands, keeps prices closer to a dollar with a more limited selection — wrapping newspaper, party supplies — sold to a more eye-class clientele. Dissimilar Dollar Full general and Family Dollar, Dollar Tree's stores tend to be in suburban locations.) As Amazon and its e-commerce rivals take devastated brick-and-mortar shopping, the ii chains represent just near the merely branch of concrete retail that is still growing in America. Even Walmart, often viewed as the bane of small-town retailers, has been consolidating. Last year, it closed about 20 stores, leaving some communities fifty-fifty more dependent on the two bondage. In 2019, disbelieve chains accounted for about half of all new retail shop openings. Dollar General alone opened virtually 1,000 stores.

The chains' executives are candid about what is driving their growth: widening income inequality and the refuse of many urban center neighborhoods and entire swaths of the country. Todd Vasos, the CEO of Dollar General, told The Wall Street Journal in 2017, "The economy is standing to create more than of our core customer."


A Dollar General on the w side of Dayton where the reporter encountered Jimmy Donald shopping with his mom. (Andres Gonzalez for The New Yorker)

Because dollar stores are heavily full-bodied in poor towns and neighborhoods, many center- and upper-middle-class consumers are unaware of their ubiquity — or of the frequency of armed robberies and shootings. In 2017, the manager of a Dollar General in Baltimore, where I live, was shot and killed as he was closing up. But I discovered the pervasiveness of the problem while reporting elsewhere. In Dayton, Ohio, I got to know Jimmy Donald, who was working for a heating and air conditioning contractor while trying to kickoff an organization to help ex-felons and others with troubled backgrounds, a category that included himself. Donald, who is 38, served in the Marines in Iraq. He then spent four years in prison, after being involved in the chirapsia death of a man outside a Michigan bar, in 2004. He lived on the west side of Dayton, which is predominantly Black; equally the surface area has lost several grocery stores, the dollar store chains have proliferated.

This correlation is not a coincidence, according to a 2018 research brief past the Constitute for Local Self-Reliance, which advocates for small businesses. The stores undercut traditional grocery stores by having few employees, often only three per store, and paying them little. "While dollar stores sometimes fill a demand in cash-strapped communities, growing evidence suggests these stores are not just a byproduct of economic distress," the cursory reported. "They're a cause of information technology."

At that place are now more than a dozen Family unit Dollars and Dollar Generals on Dayton's westward side. "In a lot of these areas, they're the just stores around," B. J. Bethel, who has reported on the bondage for WDTN, the local NBC affiliate, told me. For robbers, he added, "it's the only place to go cash." Donald did much of his shopping at the stores, and each week he drove his mother to them to do her shopping every bit well. One day in Dayton, needing a winter hat, I stopped by a Dollar Full general at W Third Street and James H. McGee Boulevard, where Donald and his mother were making their mode down an aisle. Goods spilled off the shelves, and carts were piled high with boxes waiting to be opened and stacked, giving the store an air of neglect.

Before long before Donald and I first met, he had been the victim of an armed robbery at some other w side Dollar Full general. It was homecoming weekend at Central State University, the historically Black college near Dayton, and his female parent needed some barbecue sauce. Donald was standing in line to pay when two immature men, probably in their late teens, came in and pointed a gun at the cashier. Donald ended that they were amateurs — they weren't wearing masks, and when the one with the gun pulled the slide back, not realizing that a round was already chambered, the bullet popped out. They ordered Donald and 2 women in line to get on the floor, and so took the money that he had just cashed from his paycheck: $700.

Donald described this effect in an undramatic and routine manner. And for skilful reason: armed robberies are a regular occurrence at the Dayton stores. In 2017, the yr he was held up, there were 32 armed robberies at 18 Dollar Generals and Family unit Dollars in Dayton. (This count didn't include the store where he was robbed, which sits just across the urban center line.) Last year, in that location were two dozen. The violence has included more than robberies, too. Last July, a man and a woman were killed exterior a west side Family Dollar in a murder-suicide; in September, a human being was shot during a drug deal outside the Dollar General where I had run into Donald and his mother.

Donald in Dayton, outside the store where he was robbed. (Andres Gonzalez for The New Yorker)

All told, the Dayton police receive an average of most 1,000 calls for service to the stores each year. There have been more calls to only nine of the city'due south Family Dollars than there have been to ane of Dayton's two major hospitals, Grandview Medical Center, where police force are oft summoned for interviews with victims of tearing crimes, drug overdoses and other problems.

The Dayton Police Department prides itself on being a modern, data-­driven force, embracing such initiatives as "harm reduction" measures to combat the opioid epidemic. Several years ago, noticing the ascent in calls to the dollar stores, the department provided training sessions for Family unit Dollar managers in how to do what police call "criminal offence prevention through ecology blueprint." Officers showed them how less trash outside and less ataxia inside and fewer big ads in the windows, which block the view of responding police officers, would make their stores safer. The store managers were told to instruct cashiers to brand frequent transfers of cash from the register to the safe. (Until 2004, Dollar General did not accept credit cards, and the stores notwithstanding deal heavily in cash.)

Just Jason Hall, the commander of the city's Vehement Crime Agency, told me that the effect of the preparation had dissipated, partly because the stores, which pay a starting wage of nigh $9 or $x an hour in states without higher minimum-wage thresholds, take such high turnover. "Information technology was supposed to exist passed down to the rest of the employees, merely it didn't trickle down," he said. "The rank and file did non reap the benefit of that preparation." Shop managers have resisted pleas to reduce trash or loitering outside their stores, maxim that their responsibleness is limited to the stores themselves. And they are often tiresome about getting police the feed from store cameras after robberies, Hall said. The cameras are typically of such low quality and so poorly placed that their records are of limited use anyway. Nan Whaley, the mayor of Dayton, told me that managers sometimes discourage employees from testifying in courtroom confronting robbers, because they're needed to staff the stores. (A spokesperson for Dollar General said that she was unaware of this practice.) "What is that? They're non even respecting the justice system," Whaley said. "They don't even care if they're being held up at gunpoint."

Recently, Dayton has cited the crime and violence that the stores attract as a reason to challenge their requests to sell alcohol. Several years ago, Dollar Full general obtained alcohol licenses for many of its Dayton-area stores. In 2017, the city's law department began seeking to block requests past Family unit Dollar to obtain licenses for seven of its stores, including 3 on the due west side. The metropolis had an easier time enlisting community testimony against booze license applications for stores on the n and e sides of town, which are less heavily African American. Metropolis officials attributed this imbalance in part to a general sense of resignation and powerlessness on the west side.

When the country's Sectionalisation of Liquor Control approved all just one Family Dollar request, Martin Gehres, the assistant city attorney, drove a xv-passenger van full of north and east side residents to appeals hearings in Columbus. The residents, who included the owner of a bakery beyond from a Family unit Dollar and the director of an adjacent library branch, won reversals of the approval for that store and for another on the north side. But the alcohol sales went alee on the w side, where crime is worse. "The stores they got them at were the ones I was most concerned nigh," Gehres said.

When I met with Gehres and Hall, they told me they were aware that the stores filled a retail void for many residents of Dayton, which has lost nearly one-half its residents since 1960. But they too cited research suggesting that, in some places, the dollar stores accept exacerbated the problem. "They are filling a nutrient desert," Gehres said. "And they are helping cause a food desert."


Even the most prototype-witting public corporations tend to acknowledge, in their required disclosures to investors and in their quarterly calls with market analysts, the challenges facing them. So it was startling to find no mention of the prevalence of criminal offense and violence in recent filings for either Dollar General or Family Dollar and ­Dollar Tree. Visitor executives make occasional reference to "shrink," the industry euphemism for stock lost mainly to shoplifting or employee theft. But the steady stream of violence at the stores, much of information technology directed against employees, was omitted.

Dollar Full general emphasized its efforts to keep costs downwards. In its disclosures for the third quarter of 2019, Dollar Full general lamented the ascent in nationwide hourly wages, and it said that it was aiming to shift to self-checkout in many stores. The company hopes not to have to increase security at stores, since its "financial condition could be affected adversely" by doing so. "Our ability to laissez passer along labor costs to our customers is constrained by our everyday low price model," Dollar Full general ended, "and we may not be able to beginning such increased costs elsewhere in our concern." Similarly, Dollar Tree executives told analysts in a quarterly phone call in March that they were pushing "productivity initiatives" in stores, which would aid get more from fewer workers. "Nosotros are well positioned in the most bonny sector of retail to deliver continued growth and increase value for our shareholders," Gary Philbin, the company's CEO, said.

In the past five years, the share price of Dollar General has nearly tripled, outpacing the broader stock market by some eighty% and vastly outperforming traditional grocery stores and retailers such as Kroger and Macy'due south. In 2018, Vasos, Dollar General'south CEO, received more than $10 meg in total compensation, nearly 800 times the median pay for workers at the visitor. Philbin, at Dollar Tree, was paid about the same amount.

A marquee lists a Family Dollar in a mostly empty shopping plaza in St. Louis. (Andres Gonzalez for The New Yorker)

Asked well-nigh the hundreds of incidents of trigger-happy crime at their stores, the companies said that they took security concerns seriously, simply they did not elaborate on preventive measures at the stores. Both companies declined to say how many had armed security. Randy Guiler, a Family unit Dollar spokesman, said, in written responses to questions, "To ensure the integrity of our security systems and procedures, we do not publicly share specific details." None of the 10 dollar stores that I visited in Dayton had a security guard present. In liquor board testimony, the Family Dollar manager for the region stretching across Interstate 70 from Dayton to St. Louis said that the company deployed security guards at only a couple of stores in his region, in St. Louis and ­Cincinnati.

Guiler said that the stores cooperated fully with local police departments and had in some places opened tip lines with rewards for information leading to arrests. He told me that the company recently hired the security firm ADT to upgrade the stores' photographic camera systems. Asked most the stores' low staffing levels, Guiler said, "We are a minor-box retailer. Staffing levels can, and do, vary past twenty-four hours, by 60 minutes and based on store sales volumes."

A spokesperson for Dollar General said, "In keeping with our mission of serving others, nosotros are proud to provide a convenient, affordable retail choice to customers and communities that other retailers cull not to serve."


When Jolanda Woods heard nigh Robert's murder, she returned to St. Louis from Philadelphia, where she had been working at a nonprofit, to organize his funeral. In an interview with KMOV, the local CBS chapter, she faulted Dollar General for leaving stores understaffed and for allowing stock to pile up nearly the door, making it harder for workers and customers to escape robberies. "That'southward not enough staff to secure your store with no security," she said. "You tin't expect them to watch the aisles, work the cash registers, watch the thieves and stop the thieves."

In February, I went to St. Louis and visited the Dollar General where Robert was killed. Within the archway was simply the sort of barrier that Jolanda had described: a double-wide column of several dozen "totes," or big plastic crates, holding a jumble of goods on clearance. There were cablevision protectors and scented oils and chicken hasty curls and baby pacifiers and "Frozen"-themed Ziploc numberless and party napkins and rubberband wrist supports and charcoal human foot scrub and romance novels. In the shampoo aisle, a managing director was telling an employee to mark down certain goods with a toll gun. "I want to sell this considering this is what creates totes in the back room, and I hate totes in the back room," he said. "And then get your gun."

The next forenoon, I went to see Jolanda at her new house, in an inner suburb just n of the city. She called upwardly her friend Winter and put her on speakerphone. Winter knew a lot most crime that had occurred at that Dollar General in the years when Jolanda had been living in Philadelphia. There was the fourth dimension some men loaded up a large trash can with stolen appurtenances at the shop'south back door and so just hauled it out. There was the time a manager she knew became so frustrated by the crime that he asked a friend from East St. Louis to serve as de facto security. After the friend got in an altercation with a suspected thief, the company reprimanded them, which led both to quit. "When they quit, it was all on over again," Winter said.

The constabulary say that Robert Woods' killing remains unsolved. Jolanda had received a workers-compensation payment on Robert'south behalf, but she was contemplating organizing a course-activeness lawsuit on behalf of family members of other victims of violence at Dollar Generals. "You accept a service and a production that'southward needed in a community," she said. "Well, you have to be office of the community to make that work.

"And existence part of it means 'I'm going to secure you lot while you're here. I'1000 going to have somebody on my lot to make sure you get to your cars. I'm going to secure it.' These stores are throughout our community, simply they have no interest in the community. They're not giving nothing dorsum. They give nothing back."


Last Oct, Jimmy Donald was in line with a friend at a Dollar Full general on the west side of Dayton, at 2228 Northward Gettysburg, a brusque drive from the one where he took his mother to shop and the one where he had been robbed. He was startled to encounter that the cashier was carrying a pistol on his hip. The cashier, Dave Dukes, said that he had been held upward recently and wanted to be ready in case it happened once more.

Frustration was rise at City Hall, too. When Whaley, the mayor, entered city government, in 2005, she viewed the dollar bondage equally serving a useful purpose, but over time she saw how the chains' stores in urban neighborhoods contrasted with the ones in rural areas. Residents oftentimes sent her photos of dangerously cluttered aisles, and she asked fire marshals to result warnings. "The more and more ubiquitous they've gotten, they've gotten less and less caring," she said. "I came to come across them equally glorified bank check-cashing and payday lenders for the mode they casualty off the poor but don't really care nearly the poor."

Exterior the Dollar General in Dayton, where cashier Dave Dukes, after being held up, began conveying a pistol on his hip. (Andres Gonzalez for The New Yorker)

In January 2019, John Cranley, the mayor of Cincinnati, wrote a letter nearly his city's struggles with the stores to the CEO of Dollar Tree, which led to a meeting at Cincinnati'due south Metropolis Hall with Cranley, Whaley, the cities' police chiefs and some company executives. The executives started giving a PowerPoint presentation nigh Dollar Tree, but the mayors cutting them off and threatened to file lawsuits against the company. The executives promised to work on "good neighbor" agreements with the cities instead, laying out terms for better co­functioning. (Asked for an update this spring, Gehres, Dayton'southward assistant urban center chaser, wrote in an email: "Family unit Dollar and the City are ironing out the terms. Some language concerns a litter abatement program and ecology improvements to mitigate some of our concerns.")

Some cities have started to take more than dramatic measures. In 2018 and 2019, Tulsa, Oklahoma; New Orleans; and Birmingham, Alabama, believing that the stores' concentration dissuaded traditional grocers from moving in, were amongst the cities that passed legislation requiring new concatenation dollar stores to exist at least a mile apart, unless they held a minimum square footage of fresh food. Whaley and Gehres told me that Dayton had considered taking this step but decided that it would be of piffling more than symbolic value, since the urban center'due south firsthand challenge was contending with problems at the stores information technology already had.


Eventually, I made it to the Dollar General on Due north Gettysburg, where Jimmy Donald had seen Dave Dukes, the cashier with the gun on his hip. Only he was no longer at that place.

On Oct. ix, 2019, Roosevelt Rappley, a 23-twelvemonth-old man who police said had been involved in several dollar shop robberies, came into the store conveying a gun. Dukes, who is 28, had been employed at the shop for a yr and a half, subsequently years of working in structure. He had been promoted to assistant managing director and, he said, had repeatedly asked his supervisors for a security baby-sit at the shop, to no avail. He had a curtained-carry permit for the gun, and, in whatsoever case, Ohio allowed open bear without a let. The store manager knew about the gun and had not prevented him from conveying it.

When Rappley drew his gun and threatened him, Dukes shot him dead. Dukes so called 911. "I just had somebody effort to effort and rob me over here at Dollar General on Gettysburg," he said. "Came in with a firearm, threatened to take money out the drawer, pointed a gun at me and my staff members. ... He pointed a gun at me. I had a firearm on me. I pulled my firearm, and I shot him in self-defense." (Dukes was not charged.)

The adjacent day, Dollar General told Dukes not to render to work, according to Dukes' lawyer, Erik Blaine. "This is a company that decided to identify their stores in certain areas and absolutely fought requests for security, and then, when someone does defend themselves and their co-workers, they're thrown out the next twenty-four hour period," Blaine told me. "For a visitor that puts profits so far over people to put their shop employees at risk of life and death, it's just unconscionable." Dollar Full general declined to respond questions about the example. "When employee deportment are role of police investigations, we thoroughly review matters and have appropriate action, as necessary," the company said.

In November, merely a few weeks after Rappley's death, someone robbed the Dollar General on nearby Salem ­Avenue, where Jimmy Donald had been robbed in 2017. The robber wore a surgical mask and fired a gun earlier leaving.

Soon afterward, Edwin Goldsmith, who is 32, took a job at that place. The only security preparation he received was a 12-minute video. Cashiers were instructed to give up the cash in the drawer if threatened, to include a dye pack to brand it easier to trace the money and to use a red phone behind the annals to call a security company that Dollar General uses. Goldsmith'south supervisors ignored his request for security guards. On St. Patrick's Day, as Ohio started to shut down amongst the coronavirus pandemic, a human being walked into the store while pulling on a mask and took out a gun. In that location was only $eighty in the annals; the cashiers had just transferred cash to the drop box. In that location was no dye pack in the register to add to the coin — it all the same hadn't been replaced afterward the November robbery. Goldsmith had only recently removed a function of the counter that the gunman had damaged with a bullet.

Goldsmith, the most senior of the three employees on shift, worried that the robber would come back for more money. So Goldsmith got his own gun from his motorcar and slipped information technology nether his waistband. The police arrived, equally did the Dollar General district manager. When they played back the camera footage to see the robbery, they besides saw Goldsmith getting his gun. The following day, the store director told Goldsmith that the company had told her to fire him for having violated the company handbook's dominion against bringing a gun to work. Dollar General declined to comment on the firing.

Goldsmith had never seen the handbook. "Information technology'south not right for me to lose my job all because I didn't want to die in the shop," he told me the next day.


About six months after Robert Forest' murder, Javon Pearson took a job at the Family unit Dollar on Dr. Martin Luther King Drive in St. Louis, a mile and a half from the Dollar General where Woods was killed. Pearson, who was 31, had worked at Wendy's for seven years, but his prospects for promotion conflicted with his child-care schedule; he had iii children, ages 10, vi and 3, whose custody he shared. Then he switched to Family Dollar, while working a second job at Salvage A Lot, ane of the few grocery stores left in North St. Louis. He worked midnight to 6 a.m. stocking shelves at Save A Lot, so 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. at Family Dollar, getting home in time to see his kids, often with some treats from Family Dollar in mitt, and to rest for a few hours before returning to Save A Lot. "We don't sleep," his female parent, Carolyn Noble, said. She cared for Pearson's children when she wasn't working as a medical assistant at a mental wellness facility. "We piece of work."

On Oct. three, Pearson was working at the Family Dollar when, according to an business relationship that co-workers later gave to his family, he had a dispute with a man whose girlfriend he had defenseless shoplifting. He left the store at iii p.m. with another employee, who was going to give him a ride home. As they were crossing the parking lot, two immature men approached and shot him. Pearson'due south aunt, Shari Ealy, had lost a 17-year-quondam daughter to gun violence in 2006. When she heard about the shooting at Family Dollar, she rushed to the store. Even from a altitude, Ealy recognized him by his sneakers. Carolyn Noble got to the store moments later. "That's not my babe, is information technology?" she asked, before collapsing to the pavement.

I went to run across Noble and Ealy at Ealy's house, a small bungalow in Academy City, an inner suburb but due west of St. Louis. The blinds were drawn, a large TV was on, and children and teenagers were coming and going from the house. Information technology had been four months since Pearson'southward murder — the police had not made any arrests — and Noble said that she had been too grief-stricken to go back to work. "I'm just starting to come up out," she said.

She began by talking about the air ­conditioners and kept coming back to them in the hour that followed. Why did the stores become to such lengths to lock downwards the air conditioning units that cool their buildings merely do so piddling to secure the workers and shoppers inside?

The condone had continued after her son'southward expiry, she said. Salvage A Lot had sent nutrient and sodas to the family unit, with condolences. Even Wendy's, where he no longer worked, had offered to assistance, and several area managers had come up to the funeral. But Family Dollar management had not contacted her and had discouraged employees from attending the funeral, she said. (Family unit Dollar declined to comment.)

Subsequently the funeral, she said, several other family members had asked why her son had worked at the Family Dollar, given the level of criminal offence there. This bothered Noble. The store was close to their home, which made information technology convenient, because all the rushing betwixt jobs and child intendance. "Why tin't I piece of work in my neighborhood?" she said. "Why can't you work in your neighborhood?"

She used to store at Family unit Dollar sometimes, to purchase toiletries or household items or little gifts for her mental wellness clients — jogging suits or the occasional $5 perfume. She had stopped going since the murder, but one twenty-four hours she had been driving past a Family Dollar a little farther west and had gone in and asked the cashier how she felt working there. "For real? It'south scary," the cashier said, and mentioned the fatal shooting at the store down the road. Carolyn Noble said nothing.